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![an illustration of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine](https://i0.wp.com/www.sciencenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/121821_ye_mrna_feat.jpg?fit=1030%2C580&ssl=1)
A COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (illustrated here) consists of mRNA strands (center) encased in a lipid nanoparticle sphere (red) and a polymer coating (purple). The mRNA tells cells to make a coronavirus protein to train the immune system to attack the actual virus if it invades.
Juan Gaertner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images