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Do oxpeckers help or mostly just freeload?

A textbook example of mutualism—birds that ride around picking ticks off big African mammals—may not be mutually beneficial at all.

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I cannot believe that a clinical trial of a new drug in a field in which there are accepted beneficial therapies would be either proposed as ethical by physicians or accepted by the Food and Drug Administration when containing a control group deprived of that beneficial treatment. For prior approval of the existing beneficial treatment, […]

Placebos for depression attract scrutiny

FDA clinical trials suggest that placebos provide substantial relief to depressed patients, but debate continues about whether it's ethical to use placebos in studies of antidepressant drugs.