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The recent discovery of “mature” galaxies at distances corresponding to the remote cosmic past mentioned in this article threatens more than galaxy-formation theory. It threatens to shatter the increasingly fragile Big Bang paradigm by showing that the composition of the cosmos is uniform in time and space.

Michael J. Dunn
Auburn, Wash.

If a Big Bang didn’t occur half-a-billion years before this galaxy reached its observed state, there would be no “cosmic conundrum” requiring explanation. Unfortunately, every time new observations conflict with Big Bang theory, the theory adds on one more tortured, ad hoc conjecture to save itself.

Steve Newman
Santa Cruz, Calif.

The anomaly of old galaxies in the first 800 million years of the universe is easily resolved once you remove the assumption that red shift always measures recessional velocity.

L. E. Joiner
Framingham, Mass.

The observations cited in the article don’t contradict the basic Big Bang model. Almost all astronomers agree that redshift does connote distance. —R. Cowen