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Peering 12.8 billion years back in time to examine the flame of star birth in one of the earliest known galaxies, astronomers say they have captured the first snapshot of the formation of a galaxy’s bulge — a central concentration of stars that’s one of the oldest components of galaxies.
Fabian Walter of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, and his colleagues had already established in 2004 that a remote galaxy called J114816.64+525150.3, seen as it appeared when the universe was less than a billion years old, was already going gangbusters, forging the equivalent of 1,000 suns every year. (By contrast, the Milky Way galaxy today makes about one sun per year.) But by studying the galaxy’s infrared glow, the team couldn’t tell whether the rash of star formation was distributed evenly across the entire galaxy or confined to a small region.
Walter and his collaborators recently re-examined the galaxy, recording emissions from singly ionized carbon atoms, which closely trace the location of star birth. These carbon ions emit light at infrared wavelengths, but the expansion of the universe shifts the emissions to longer, radio wavelengths. Using the IRAM interferometer, a network of radio telescopes in the French Alps, to record the radiation, the researchers found that star birth in the young galaxy is limited to a central region only 4,000 light-years in diameter. For comparison, the Milky Way has a diameter of 100,000 light-years. The findings are reported in the Feb. 5 Nature.
The compact, central star-forming region found by the team provides additional evidence that galaxies grow from the inside out. Other episodes of star formation can occur throughout galaxies. The team proposes that the central starburst is the first flicker of what will become a spherical nuclear bulge like the one in the center of the Milky Way, but much larger. Bulges are one of the oldest components of galaxies, older than a galaxy’s spiral arms, for example.
Most galaxies in the universe have bulges, which generally range from 5 billion to 10 billon years of age, Fabian says. But researchers don’t know whether J114816.64+525150.3 is typical or an extreme example of bulge formation.
“The crucial element is that for the first time someone has measured the size of the region in which the dust-obscured starburst [of one of the cosmos’s first galaxies] is occurring,” comments Ian Smail of Durham University in England. “The scale of the starburst is indeed well-matched to the formation of a bulge.”
The study also reveals that the core of J114816.64+525150.3 produces about as many stars in a given volume of space as models would allow, Walter says. Winds from newborn stars, as well as the rapid, explosive death of massive stars as supernovas erode the clouds of gas and dust from which stars arise, limit the rate of star birth.
Found in: Atom & Cosmos
- Walter, Fabian et al. A kiloparsec-scale hyper-starburst in a quasar host less than 1 gigayear after the Big Bang Vol 457, #5 February 2009
doi:10.1038/nature07681
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The galaxies rotate like wheels. If there would exist a drafting force, should the galaxies have ten times larger mass than it is at present observed. This is because the farthest stars of galaxies circulate the centre of galaxy so fast. The gravity of observed mass is not able to keep them in their orbits. The stars that circulate the furthest should be thrown away from their tracks.
Although the modern physics does not understand how the gravitation is transfered, it still has found out that galaxies consist of some mystery substace that has this drawing force.
The dark substace is different from the observed substance. Yet it has the the same kind of drawing force as the observed substance has.
No, there is no gravitation!
All the stars of the galaxies have arised from the black holes of the giant centres of the galaxies. They expand three-dimentionally, opening up energywaves that have the nature of atoms. The stars expand and push themselves away from the galaxy centre in a curved orbit in a same relation as they expand.
That is to say that also the furthest stars are thrown away from the centre of the galaxy. The same way as their speed of movement around the galaxy centre lets us suppose. Only this is not observed, because everything expands three-dimentionally in same relation.
New model of an atom
The atomcores expand three-dimentionally, opening up energywaves that have
the nature of electron and photon.
http://www.onesimpleprinciple.com/l2
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http://www.onesimpleprinciple.com/296
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Hot in the direction of cold!
Dense in the direction of a less dense space!
The space does not change!
The energy transforms to a less dense energy!
At the same time an energy that is transforming to a less dense energy, pushes itself towards an area where exists less energy. This happens because the energy transforming to less dense doesn´t have te room to stay in a equally small area that doesn´t change.
Also the energy in the qvarks transforms all the time into a less dense energy.
From outside there doesn´t come almost at all energy towards the atomcores when reaching the absolute zero point. To atomcores in which the energy transforms all the time into a less dense energy. This way the expanding
atomcores do not expload their energy towards each other and they don´t push themselves away from each other so powerfully.
Eventually the qvarks of the separate atomcores interlock with each other. A big consentration of the qvarks has developed. Also in the middle of the centre a pressure has been developed. This pressure is based on a fact that
the qvarks radiate their energy towards each other. With this energy they push themselves away from each other according to the same relation as they expand.
An adequate pressure is developed in the middle of the big expanding consentration of the qvarks and this pressure makes the qvarks to explode a lot of their energy towards each other.
This is why a lot of energy begins to burst / radiate from the qvark consentration.
This is how extremely cold turns in a moment into extremely hot.
The heath is not a atomcores. The vibration of the atoms is consequence of outward coming energy that reaches the atomcores.
The so called "Caloric" is not a chemical element.
"Caloric" is the one and the same thing that exists in all atomcores. It can be called energy. Or with any other name.
Energy transforms all the time to a less dense energy in a space that does not change.
Also the movement of all the atoms of the world happens towards cold in other words towards a space where is less energy!
The expanding atoms push themselves towards a less dense area in space.
The energy of the planets push themself away from the sun in a curved orbit. There is more and denser energy than outside the sun.
The stars push themselves in a curved orbit away from the centre of the galaxy where is more and denser energy than in the outside of the galaxy.
The energy of the visible universe pushes itself away from the area that exists really far outside the visible universe.In that area there exists more and denser energy than in the visible universe. Outside that area energy is less denser.
The eergy of the visible universe pushes itself towards the cold. In other words towards a less dense area in a space that does not change.
Did you know that everything that exists, it is one and the same thing which we canname energy.
This energy is not the matter, instead it is what exists inside of the atomic
nucleus of the matter and its density changes all the time to less density.
When there is no energy coming from outside, then it gets cold because the energy emission does not get from the atomic nucleus more of this energy to burst.For this reason, throughout expanding atomic nucleus do not push themselves away from each other so powerfully as earlier, at which point that into the atomic nucleus comes more of this energy in particles.
At the end, the so called quarks existing in different atomic nucleus interlace and form a quark unit.
Also, the energy existing inside the quarks changes all the time to less dense energy,moreover quarks burst out energy waves.
In the center of a quark unit big enough arises a sufficient pressure, whereupon quarks get to burst a lot of
energy towards each other. Therefore this quark unit starts to emit abondant energy from itself.
This way from the absolute zero we jump straight to high temperatures.
Let's talk about temperature in the absence of atom's oscillations, but rather how much energy one piece emits.
Also there is a meaning about the density of the emission: How the particles are and how close they are to one another.
Bose-Einstein condensate!
Would it be so that the laser beam to the particles absorb the expanding field of quarks radiating energy with?!? Now the individual kernels of atoms emitted from the energy does not reach the adjacent expanding atoms nucleus?
Now a distinct widening of the atom cores are expanding quarks interlace!
This creates a very dense energy, an energy concentration by the hot / dense energy is able to keep itself hot / density/thiny! As a Bose-Einstein condensate energy rays is not very much energy away from themselves!
Expanding quarks the area between a moving photon of the energy-dense that its pace is slowing a lot!
For example, runner slows down the pace of force when he points the backlog/lot o people, but as soon as the runner points less dense space that does not change, he may accelerate the pace. Accelerating the pace runner to keep your body less energy, high-density energy! I mean runner must have the thing for which he composed, to change in a region faster than the normal high-density less energy!
If the Bose-Einstein condensate to go through the photon energy does not change, it is based on the fact that the particles are able to recycle of the energy! Also expanding the nuclei of atoms are able to recycle the core towards the future of energy!
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